Ethical Issues That Are Raised - 1677 Words

Ethics Research ethics are concerned with analysing moral issues that are raised when people are participants in primary research. The objective of being ethical is to protect participants in research, through examining the ethical soundness of all aspects of research taking place (Miller et al. 2012). The research should be conducted in a way which has no effect on the welfare of participants. Aubrey (2000 p.156 cited in Mukerhji Albon 2010 p.34) defines ethics as â€Å"a set of moral principles underpinning a project’. This includes, analysing risk factors, protecting confidentiality and having informed consent (Oliver 2010). Denscombe (2014) maintains that potential ethical risks can occur throughout all methods of research. However,†¦show more content†¦Deontologists such as Kant (1724-1804) believe that ‘duty based’ ethics (known as the deontological approach) are concerned with the actions that people take, not the consequence of their action (Mukerhji Albon 2010). Deontologists believe that moral rules bind individuals to their ethical duty (ibid). Duty based ethics rules consist of, †¢ Doing the right action †¢ Doing it because it is morally correct †¢ Not doing the wrong action †¢ Not doing it as it immoral (BBC 2014) Duty based ethics maintains that individuals have a duty to do the right thing even if it produces more harm. This approach considers the consequences of any action (good or bad) is insignificant in comparison with having good morals when carrying out the action (Godfrey et al. 2000). Cohen et al. (2011) state the deontological approach is ‘non-consequential’ as it is believed you cannot justify a bad action, regardless of the outcome. Deontologist moral rules may include, †¢ It is wrong to steal †¢ It is right to keep promises †¢ It is wrong to lie †¢ It is wrong to kill (Randsome 2013). Oliver (2010) uses the Ten Commandments as an example of duty based ethics which are regarded important in today’s world. Therefore, considering the deontological ethical approach, it would be wrong to steal food to provide for people that are hungry. The deontological approach would regard this fundamentally immoral, whereas Sales

The Great Ancestry Of The Crown Of Camelot - 1166 Words

The old scholar practically beamed as he unrolled the next scroll. Let it be known, the great ancestry of the crown of Camelot. Geoffrey began to read off lineage that most nobles in Camelot knew by heart, until he came to the one that Merlin both anticipated and feared. The warlock was trembling, as he awaited the signal from the dais. His hand gripped the dragon bone hilt of Carnwenhau, drawing deep on the strength within himself. He silently asked that his grandfather, who once wore the dagger, to be with him. †¦His Majesty, High King of Briton, Aurelius Ambrosius in the Great Marriage Rite with a druid priestess begat a son, Balinor Emrys of the Dragon Lord line, Earl of Snowdonia†¦ Merlin heard his mother s gasp resound across the near silent room. He grinned, wondering what she was going to think of the next part. This has been corroborated by His Royal Majesty, King Lot of Lothian and the High Druid Iseldir. Lord Balinor, joined to Hunith of Ealdor, in turn begat one son. Merlin took a deep breath and stepped partially out of the shadows, standing near the entrance to the Great Hall. The Great Marriage Rite to validify Balinor s heritage was a bit of a stretch. Although recognized as a joining among the druidic population and others who still revered the Old Religion, it was not something that would be upheld as a true Royal Line in the eyes of the Roman church, if his legitimacy was ever challenged...but it was acceptable enough for the role of regent,

Greenland (679 words) Essay Example For Students

Greenland (679 words) Essay GreenlandThe geography of Greenland is quite ironic considering its name. Greenland is locatedin the northern part of North America. It is between the Arctic Ocean and theNorth Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada. Greenlands area is approximately2,715,600 square kilometers. Its area is slightly more than 3 times the size ofTexas. It is the largest island in the world. It is also primarily by the DavisStrait and Baffin Bay and from Iceland on the east, by the Denmark Strait. Greenlands terrain is flat to a gradually sloping icecap. It coverseverything but a narrow, mountainous, rocky coast. Its climate has coolsummers and very cold winters! During the summertime in the southern part ofGreenland, the average Temperature is 48? Fahrenheit. The climate of Greenlandis generally dry. People have lived on Greenland for about 5, 000 years, theearliest belonging to what are called the Independence I, Saqqaq, andIndependence II cultures. Greenland is the source of many weather changes in theNorthern Hemisphere. Their natural resources include Zinc, lead, iron ore, coal,gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals and whales. The mammals include themusk-ox, wolf, lemming, and reindeer. Circumpolar animals that inhabit theisland are the polar bear, arctic fox, polar hare, and stoat. The environmentalissues consist of protecting the arctic environment and preservation of theirtraditional way of life, including whaling. The population of Greenland is 59,827 people. They are called Greenlanders and the majority religion isEvangelical Lutheran. Their languages include Eskimo dialects, Danish, andGreenlandic (An Inuit dialect.). The age structure is 0-14 years ?26%; 15-64? 68%; 65-? ? 6%. The total life expectancy is male ?65.98 years andfemale ? 74.24 years. The total life expectancy population is to 70 years. Thecapitol of Greenland is Nuuk (Godthab). Its population is 12,483. It is thelargest and oldest Danish settlement on the island. It was founded in 1721. Other settlements include Julianh?b (Qaqotorq), Fredereksh?b and Narsaq on thesouthern coast. With Thule on the northwestern coast, and Ammassalik on theeastern coast. Greenlands dependency status is very reliable on Denmark. Ithas a self ? governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979. The national holiday is the birthday of the Queen, April 16, 1940. Its legalsystem is Danish, and the chief of state is Queen Margarethe 2 of Denmark(represented by High Commissioner Gunnar Martens. The head of government is thePrime Minister Jonathan Motzfieldt (elected by Parliament). The legislativebranch includes unicameral Parliament or Landsting. (31 members are elected bypopular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve 4-year terms.)The Judicial Branch includes the High Court or Landsret. The flag has two equalhorizontal bands of white (top) with a large disk slightly to the hoist side ofanter ? the top half of the disk is red and the bottom is white. Greenland hadsuffered negative economic growth in the early 1990s, since 1993 economy hasimproved. Since 1990 Greenland has registered a foreign trade deficit followingthe closure of the last remaining lead and zinc mines in 1989. Greenland iscritically dependent in fishing and fishing exports. Their export partn ers andtheir percentages are Denmark 89%, Japan 5%, and United Kingdom 5%. Theirexports include 95% fish and fishing products. About half of the governmentrevenues come from grants from the Danish government. The labor force is about24,500. Their agriculture products are forage crops, garden vegetables, sheepand fish. The profit for their imports is 421,000,000. Their imports consist ofmachinery and transport equipment 25%, manufactured goods 8%, food and liveanimals 11%, petroleum products 6%. Their import partners are Denmark, Iceland,Japan, Norway, United States, Germany, and Sweden. In June 1952, the Danishgovernment and private Danish, Swedish, and Canadian interests formed a companyto exploit deposits of zinc, lead, tungsten, and cryolite in Eastern Greenland. .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .postImageUrl , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:hover , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:visited , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:active , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Radiology: Spine - revisedThe education of Greenland is obviously not as emphasized as many of thecountrys of the world. A university is located in Nuuk, and education is freeand compulsory for all children between the ages of seven and sixteen. Eric theRed first explored Greenland. Father of Leif Ericson. There, Icelandicsettlements were established. By the early Fifteenth century, these settlementshad vanished, and all contact with Greenland was lost.

Julian Orrs Talking About Machines

Introduction Orr’s book Talking about Machines has become one of the most significant writings in the field of anthropology since it revealed new insights in the overall study. The author underlines the importance of fieldwork which is conducted in quite specific way.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Orr was inside the group of workers under analysis and his book has the author who is at the same time an informant. The reader can consider the analysis of an individual who knows the insights of the workplace and the group in question. This peculiarity of Orr’s approach results in a specific type of writing where theory is intermingled with narrative. Orr manages to combine thorough analysis and description. Admittedly, the researcher uses a very specific and effective approach of interpreting data. Orr’s orientatio n on â€Å"situatedness† enables him to make his data precise and interpretation profound (Yanow 2006:1746). Moreover, his research has contributed greatly to the development of anthropology since it opened up new horizons for researchers. The author, the reader and the informant Admittedly, anthropologists used to consider peculiarities of exotic people living in faraway lands. However, Orr is one of those who understands that the natives of anthropologic research should not be â€Å"the alien and exotic others† but these should be â€Å"oddly familiar domestic others who might be our cohorts at work†, neighbors or researchers themselves (qtd. in Neyland 2007:129). Orr became a shadow for copier workers when they were working, having lunch or communicated with each other and customers (Yanow 2006:1746). Interestingly, the author of the book was also a part of a group of informants. Many researchers claim that being a part of a group enables the researcher to se e more complete picture (Enslin 1994:537). Even defining the term â€Å"work† Orr is focused on workers’ position, rather than on some virtual amount of work completed (Orr 1996:10). Workers are put in the center of the research. Workers’ activities, their communication and their sharing experience make the scope of data for Orr. Basically, he â€Å"connect[s] players and not isolate[s] them within their own perspectives† (Boud et al. 2006:21). More so, he considers workers perspectives from the point of view of one of them but not as a distant researcher on the basis of some statistical data. Interestingly, Orr points out that â€Å"machines participate in society† (1996:3). Thus, the researcher is interested in the triangular: worker, customer, machine.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Orr does not only observe the communication patterns bet ween workers, or between workers and consumers, he also pays attention to the way workers treat (or â€Å"communicate† with) machines. Thus, informants of the research are not only people but machines as well. It goes without saying that such approach was not widespread among anthropologists who were concerned with people only. The majority of researchers are keen to answer the question â€Å"what does it mean to be a human?† (Wardle 2007:1). Nevertheless, Orr noted that machines also influenced people’s behavior since workers tried to â€Å"educate† consumers treat their machines correctly. Of course, everyday work with machine shapes workers communication, since machines play an important role in workers talks. The balance between description and analysis Boon (1983) points out that ethnographic writing is largely based on the data obtained from a fieldwork, so it should contain both description and analysis. However, this issue is still disputable sinc e many researchers cannot agree upon what can be regarded as a fact and what interpretation can be regarded as precise and correct (Heider 2001). However, many researchers that â€Å"[t]acking between situated narrative and more sweeping analysis† is essential for ethnography, though it is quite difficult to succeed (Narayan 1993:672). Orr, however, finds the gold mean and his book is characterized by a perfect balance of description and analysis. In the first place, Orr pays much attention to â€Å"situatedness† and claims that place is important for analysis (Yanow 2006:1751). It goes without saying that his writing provides a lot of description of workers’ conversations and their activities, and even workplace. Admittedly, fieldnotes can be archival materials or a record of people communicating (Sanjek 1990:391). Apparently, Orr considered all possible fieldnotes. All this helped Orr recreate the world of the workers. On the basis, of the data obtained during observation Orr can put puzzles in their place and create a full picture. Anderson (1986) points out that description is an important â€Å"product† of fieldwork, and since ethnographic analysis is based on fieldwork, it is but natural that description plays an important role in ethnographic writing (64). Thus, Orr’s description is an illustration of his findings and justification of his conclusions. His writing also signals: â€Å"You are there, because I was there† (Clifford 1983:118). Orr’s approach to analysis and interpretation of workers’ behavior is intermingled with description.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theory in the text Admittedly theory played a significant role in anthropology in the nineteenth century (Urry 2001:101). More so, anthropologists relied on theory to great extent. A s far as ethnographic writing is concerned, it also relies on theory, but to less extent. For instance, Orr’s book is not a description of his fieldwork and his conclusions. He provides profound background knowledge which helps the reader to â€Å"speak† the same language with other. In fact, the author reveals the theoretical discourse in his book. Orr refers to many researchers supporting or refuting their findings and research methods. Admittedly, ethnographic writing contains a great deal of fiction and some researchers tend to regard it as fiction rather than ethnography (Narayan 1999). However, Orr is scientific in his writing. Stocking (1995) states that theory can help to solve many problems where the data obtained during the fieldwork can be quite confusing (364). Thus, Orr uses theoretical background to analyze the product of his fieldwork. Methodological and conceptual contributions to anthropological knowledge Yanow (2006) claims that Orr’s book is a great contribution to organization studies (1753). It goes without saying that Orr has developed many interesting approaches for ethnographic research. The major concept of his work presupposes that only insider can have the complete data about the group. Orr points out that The significant thing†¦is that the examination of practice reveals a complexity that cannot be seen from a distance; this complexity constrains how the work can be done and therefore has crucial implications for those making policy about work †¦ Discussions of work that omit this vital aspect of practice lose the point from which anything else that may be described originates. (qtd. in Yanow 2006:1753). Thus, Orr insists on closer look at people’s workplace. The place is of primary importance for Orr since it is a starting point for any observation. Besides, Orr is not confined to certain activities in which the members of the group are involved. Every minute of the working day is recorded and analyzed. More so, Orr argues that it is essential to consider people’s behavior in terms of all the scope of activities involving not only other people (like colleagues or customers), but to take into account the influence of machines on people. This approach is rather innovative for anthropology.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Orr provides a detailed analysis in terms of organization studies, but he is not concerned with methodology, but rather appreciates â€Å"those things that make us† (Yanow 2006:1753). Orr does not present a distant look at some peculiarities of people’s interaction in a workplace, but reveals possible explanations of the reasons why people act in that specific way. Admittedly, Orr’s approach can be regarded as a bright example of unique methodological approach which leads to deeper understanding of processes which take place in working place. Conclusion Thus, Orr’s Talking about Machines is one of those books which provide essential information on the topic and can be regarded as a guideline for a successful ethnographic research. Orr’s book is a great example of the balance of description, theory and analysis. The author became a member of a group to understand the processes which took place in the workplace. Therefore, he does not present a distant analysis of potential reasons, but explicitly points out major factors which influence workers. Admittedly, Orr has made a great contribution into the development of anthropological studies since he suggested new approaches of analysis and showed that they are effective. It cannot be surprising that the book is still being discussed by many researchers since it gives new insights to the essence of anthropological research. Reference List Anderson, Jon W. 1986. ‘Reinventing the Shape of Meaning: Ambiguities in the Ontology of Ethnography.’ Anthropological Quarterly 59(2): 64-74. Boon, James. A. 1983. ‘Functionalists Write, Too: Frazer/Malinowski and the Semiotics of the Monograph.’ Semiotica 46(2/4):131-149. Boud, David, Peter Cressey and Peter Docherty. 2006. Productive Reflection at Work: Learning for Changing Organizations. New York, NY: Routledge. Clifford, James. 1983. ‘On Ethnographic Authority.’ Respresentations Number 2: 118-146 . Enslin, Elizabeth. 1994. ‘Beyond Writing: Feminist Practice and the Limitations of Ethnography.’ Cultural Anthropology 9(4):537-568. Heider, Karl G. 2001. ‘The Rashomon Effect: When Ethnographers Disagree.’ Pp.398- 407 in Ethnography, vol. III, edited by Alan Bryman. London: Sage. Narayan, Kirin. 1993. ‘How Native is a â€Å"Native† Anthropologist?’ American Anthropologist 95:671-686. Narayan, Kirin. 1999. ‘Ethnography and Fiction: Where is the Border?’ Anthropology and Humanism 24(2):134-147. Neyland, Daniel. 2007. Organizational Ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Orr, J. E. 1996. Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Sanjek, Roger. (Ed.) 1990. â€Å"FIELDNOTES: The Makings of Anthropology† pp.385-418 in ‘On Ethnographic Validity.’ Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Stocking, George W. 1995. The Ethnographer’s Magic and Other Essays in th e History of Anthropology. Madison, WI: Univ of Wisconsin Press. Urry, James. 2001. ‘Notes and Queries on Anthropology and the Development of Field Methods in British Anthropology, 1870-1920.’ pp 101-127 in Ethnography, vol. I edited by Alan Bryman, London: Sage. Wardle, Huon, Gay Y Blasco, Paloma Gay Y. 2007. How to Read Ethnography, ‘Introduction: The concerns and distinctiveness of ethnography’ (pp 1-12). London and New York: Routledge. Yanow, Dvora. 2006. ‘Talking about Practices: On Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines.’ Organization Studies 27(12):1743-1756. This term paper on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines was written and submitted by user N0lan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.