Ethical Issues That Are Raised - 1677 Words

Ethics Research ethics are concerned with analysing moral issues that are raised when people are participants in primary research. The objective of being ethical is to protect participants in research, through examining the ethical soundness of all aspects of research taking place (Miller et al. 2012). The research should be conducted in a way which has no effect on the welfare of participants. Aubrey (2000 p.156 cited in Mukerhji Albon 2010 p.34) defines ethics as â€Å"a set of moral principles underpinning a project’. This includes, analysing risk factors, protecting confidentiality and having informed consent (Oliver 2010). Denscombe (2014) maintains that potential ethical risks can occur throughout all methods of research. However,†¦show more content†¦Deontologists such as Kant (1724-1804) believe that ‘duty based’ ethics (known as the deontological approach) are concerned with the actions that people take, not the consequence of their action (Mukerhji Albon 2010). Deontologists believe that moral rules bind individuals to their ethical duty (ibid). Duty based ethics rules consist of, †¢ Doing the right action †¢ Doing it because it is morally correct †¢ Not doing the wrong action †¢ Not doing it as it immoral (BBC 2014) Duty based ethics maintains that individuals have a duty to do the right thing even if it produces more harm. This approach considers the consequences of any action (good or bad) is insignificant in comparison with having good morals when carrying out the action (Godfrey et al. 2000). Cohen et al. (2011) state the deontological approach is ‘non-consequential’ as it is believed you cannot justify a bad action, regardless of the outcome. Deontologist moral rules may include, †¢ It is wrong to steal †¢ It is right to keep promises †¢ It is wrong to lie †¢ It is wrong to kill (Randsome 2013). Oliver (2010) uses the Ten Commandments as an example of duty based ethics which are regarded important in today’s world. Therefore, considering the deontological ethical approach, it would be wrong to steal food to provide for people that are hungry. The deontological approach would regard this fundamentally immoral, whereas Sales

The Great Ancestry Of The Crown Of Camelot - 1166 Words

The old scholar practically beamed as he unrolled the next scroll. Let it be known, the great ancestry of the crown of Camelot. Geoffrey began to read off lineage that most nobles in Camelot knew by heart, until he came to the one that Merlin both anticipated and feared. The warlock was trembling, as he awaited the signal from the dais. His hand gripped the dragon bone hilt of Carnwenhau, drawing deep on the strength within himself. He silently asked that his grandfather, who once wore the dagger, to be with him. †¦His Majesty, High King of Briton, Aurelius Ambrosius in the Great Marriage Rite with a druid priestess begat a son, Balinor Emrys of the Dragon Lord line, Earl of Snowdonia†¦ Merlin heard his mother s gasp resound across the near silent room. He grinned, wondering what she was going to think of the next part. This has been corroborated by His Royal Majesty, King Lot of Lothian and the High Druid Iseldir. Lord Balinor, joined to Hunith of Ealdor, in turn begat one son. Merlin took a deep breath and stepped partially out of the shadows, standing near the entrance to the Great Hall. The Great Marriage Rite to validify Balinor s heritage was a bit of a stretch. Although recognized as a joining among the druidic population and others who still revered the Old Religion, it was not something that would be upheld as a true Royal Line in the eyes of the Roman church, if his legitimacy was ever challenged...but it was acceptable enough for the role of regent,

Greenland (679 words) Essay Example For Students

Greenland (679 words) Essay GreenlandThe geography of Greenland is quite ironic considering its name. Greenland is locatedin the northern part of North America. It is between the Arctic Ocean and theNorth Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada. Greenlands area is approximately2,715,600 square kilometers. Its area is slightly more than 3 times the size ofTexas. It is the largest island in the world. It is also primarily by the DavisStrait and Baffin Bay and from Iceland on the east, by the Denmark Strait. Greenlands terrain is flat to a gradually sloping icecap. It coverseverything but a narrow, mountainous, rocky coast. Its climate has coolsummers and very cold winters! During the summertime in the southern part ofGreenland, the average Temperature is 48? Fahrenheit. The climate of Greenlandis generally dry. People have lived on Greenland for about 5, 000 years, theearliest belonging to what are called the Independence I, Saqqaq, andIndependence II cultures. Greenland is the source of many weather changes in theNorthern Hemisphere. Their natural resources include Zinc, lead, iron ore, coal,gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals and whales. The mammals include themusk-ox, wolf, lemming, and reindeer. Circumpolar animals that inhabit theisland are the polar bear, arctic fox, polar hare, and stoat. The environmentalissues consist of protecting the arctic environment and preservation of theirtraditional way of life, including whaling. The population of Greenland is 59,827 people. They are called Greenlanders and the majority religion isEvangelical Lutheran. Their languages include Eskimo dialects, Danish, andGreenlandic (An Inuit dialect.). The age structure is 0-14 years ?26%; 15-64? 68%; 65-? ? 6%. The total life expectancy is male ?65.98 years andfemale ? 74.24 years. The total life expectancy population is to 70 years. Thecapitol of Greenland is Nuuk (Godthab). Its population is 12,483. It is thelargest and oldest Danish settlement on the island. It was founded in 1721. Other settlements include Julianh?b (Qaqotorq), Fredereksh?b and Narsaq on thesouthern coast. With Thule on the northwestern coast, and Ammassalik on theeastern coast. Greenlands dependency status is very reliable on Denmark. Ithas a self ? governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979. The national holiday is the birthday of the Queen, April 16, 1940. Its legalsystem is Danish, and the chief of state is Queen Margarethe 2 of Denmark(represented by High Commissioner Gunnar Martens. The head of government is thePrime Minister Jonathan Motzfieldt (elected by Parliament). The legislativebranch includes unicameral Parliament or Landsting. (31 members are elected bypopular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve 4-year terms.)The Judicial Branch includes the High Court or Landsret. The flag has two equalhorizontal bands of white (top) with a large disk slightly to the hoist side ofanter ? the top half of the disk is red and the bottom is white. Greenland hadsuffered negative economic growth in the early 1990s, since 1993 economy hasimproved. Since 1990 Greenland has registered a foreign trade deficit followingthe closure of the last remaining lead and zinc mines in 1989. Greenland iscritically dependent in fishing and fishing exports. Their export partn ers andtheir percentages are Denmark 89%, Japan 5%, and United Kingdom 5%. Theirexports include 95% fish and fishing products. About half of the governmentrevenues come from grants from the Danish government. The labor force is about24,500. Their agriculture products are forage crops, garden vegetables, sheepand fish. The profit for their imports is 421,000,000. Their imports consist ofmachinery and transport equipment 25%, manufactured goods 8%, food and liveanimals 11%, petroleum products 6%. Their import partners are Denmark, Iceland,Japan, Norway, United States, Germany, and Sweden. In June 1952, the Danishgovernment and private Danish, Swedish, and Canadian interests formed a companyto exploit deposits of zinc, lead, tungsten, and cryolite in Eastern Greenland. .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .postImageUrl , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:hover , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:visited , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:active , .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4007e7a7495962ba7cdb997df383fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Radiology: Spine - revisedThe education of Greenland is obviously not as emphasized as many of thecountrys of the world. A university is located in Nuuk, and education is freeand compulsory for all children between the ages of seven and sixteen. Eric theRed first explored Greenland. Father of Leif Ericson. There, Icelandicsettlements were established. By the early Fifteenth century, these settlementshad vanished, and all contact with Greenland was lost.

Julian Orrs Talking About Machines

Introduction Orr’s book Talking about Machines has become one of the most significant writings in the field of anthropology since it revealed new insights in the overall study. The author underlines the importance of fieldwork which is conducted in quite specific way.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Orr was inside the group of workers under analysis and his book has the author who is at the same time an informant. The reader can consider the analysis of an individual who knows the insights of the workplace and the group in question. This peculiarity of Orr’s approach results in a specific type of writing where theory is intermingled with narrative. Orr manages to combine thorough analysis and description. Admittedly, the researcher uses a very specific and effective approach of interpreting data. Orr’s orientatio n on â€Å"situatedness† enables him to make his data precise and interpretation profound (Yanow 2006:1746). Moreover, his research has contributed greatly to the development of anthropology since it opened up new horizons for researchers. The author, the reader and the informant Admittedly, anthropologists used to consider peculiarities of exotic people living in faraway lands. However, Orr is one of those who understands that the natives of anthropologic research should not be â€Å"the alien and exotic others† but these should be â€Å"oddly familiar domestic others who might be our cohorts at work†, neighbors or researchers themselves (qtd. in Neyland 2007:129). Orr became a shadow for copier workers when they were working, having lunch or communicated with each other and customers (Yanow 2006:1746). Interestingly, the author of the book was also a part of a group of informants. Many researchers claim that being a part of a group enables the researcher to se e more complete picture (Enslin 1994:537). Even defining the term â€Å"work† Orr is focused on workers’ position, rather than on some virtual amount of work completed (Orr 1996:10). Workers are put in the center of the research. Workers’ activities, their communication and their sharing experience make the scope of data for Orr. Basically, he â€Å"connect[s] players and not isolate[s] them within their own perspectives† (Boud et al. 2006:21). More so, he considers workers perspectives from the point of view of one of them but not as a distant researcher on the basis of some statistical data. Interestingly, Orr points out that â€Å"machines participate in society† (1996:3). Thus, the researcher is interested in the triangular: worker, customer, machine.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Orr does not only observe the communication patterns bet ween workers, or between workers and consumers, he also pays attention to the way workers treat (or â€Å"communicate† with) machines. Thus, informants of the research are not only people but machines as well. It goes without saying that such approach was not widespread among anthropologists who were concerned with people only. The majority of researchers are keen to answer the question â€Å"what does it mean to be a human?† (Wardle 2007:1). Nevertheless, Orr noted that machines also influenced people’s behavior since workers tried to â€Å"educate† consumers treat their machines correctly. Of course, everyday work with machine shapes workers communication, since machines play an important role in workers talks. The balance between description and analysis Boon (1983) points out that ethnographic writing is largely based on the data obtained from a fieldwork, so it should contain both description and analysis. However, this issue is still disputable sinc e many researchers cannot agree upon what can be regarded as a fact and what interpretation can be regarded as precise and correct (Heider 2001). However, many researchers that â€Å"[t]acking between situated narrative and more sweeping analysis† is essential for ethnography, though it is quite difficult to succeed (Narayan 1993:672). Orr, however, finds the gold mean and his book is characterized by a perfect balance of description and analysis. In the first place, Orr pays much attention to â€Å"situatedness† and claims that place is important for analysis (Yanow 2006:1751). It goes without saying that his writing provides a lot of description of workers’ conversations and their activities, and even workplace. Admittedly, fieldnotes can be archival materials or a record of people communicating (Sanjek 1990:391). Apparently, Orr considered all possible fieldnotes. All this helped Orr recreate the world of the workers. On the basis, of the data obtained during observation Orr can put puzzles in their place and create a full picture. Anderson (1986) points out that description is an important â€Å"product† of fieldwork, and since ethnographic analysis is based on fieldwork, it is but natural that description plays an important role in ethnographic writing (64). Thus, Orr’s description is an illustration of his findings and justification of his conclusions. His writing also signals: â€Å"You are there, because I was there† (Clifford 1983:118). Orr’s approach to analysis and interpretation of workers’ behavior is intermingled with description.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theory in the text Admittedly theory played a significant role in anthropology in the nineteenth century (Urry 2001:101). More so, anthropologists relied on theory to great extent. A s far as ethnographic writing is concerned, it also relies on theory, but to less extent. For instance, Orr’s book is not a description of his fieldwork and his conclusions. He provides profound background knowledge which helps the reader to â€Å"speak† the same language with other. In fact, the author reveals the theoretical discourse in his book. Orr refers to many researchers supporting or refuting their findings and research methods. Admittedly, ethnographic writing contains a great deal of fiction and some researchers tend to regard it as fiction rather than ethnography (Narayan 1999). However, Orr is scientific in his writing. Stocking (1995) states that theory can help to solve many problems where the data obtained during the fieldwork can be quite confusing (364). Thus, Orr uses theoretical background to analyze the product of his fieldwork. Methodological and conceptual contributions to anthropological knowledge Yanow (2006) claims that Orr’s book is a great contribution to organization studies (1753). It goes without saying that Orr has developed many interesting approaches for ethnographic research. The major concept of his work presupposes that only insider can have the complete data about the group. Orr points out that The significant thing†¦is that the examination of practice reveals a complexity that cannot be seen from a distance; this complexity constrains how the work can be done and therefore has crucial implications for those making policy about work †¦ Discussions of work that omit this vital aspect of practice lose the point from which anything else that may be described originates. (qtd. in Yanow 2006:1753). Thus, Orr insists on closer look at people’s workplace. The place is of primary importance for Orr since it is a starting point for any observation. Besides, Orr is not confined to certain activities in which the members of the group are involved. Every minute of the working day is recorded and analyzed. More so, Orr argues that it is essential to consider people’s behavior in terms of all the scope of activities involving not only other people (like colleagues or customers), but to take into account the influence of machines on people. This approach is rather innovative for anthropology.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Orr provides a detailed analysis in terms of organization studies, but he is not concerned with methodology, but rather appreciates â€Å"those things that make us† (Yanow 2006:1753). Orr does not present a distant look at some peculiarities of people’s interaction in a workplace, but reveals possible explanations of the reasons why people act in that specific way. Admittedly, Orr’s approach can be regarded as a bright example of unique methodological approach which leads to deeper understanding of processes which take place in working place. Conclusion Thus, Orr’s Talking about Machines is one of those books which provide essential information on the topic and can be regarded as a guideline for a successful ethnographic research. Orr’s book is a great example of the balance of description, theory and analysis. The author became a member of a group to understand the processes which took place in the workplace. Therefore, he does not present a distant analysis of potential reasons, but explicitly points out major factors which influence workers. Admittedly, Orr has made a great contribution into the development of anthropological studies since he suggested new approaches of analysis and showed that they are effective. It cannot be surprising that the book is still being discussed by many researchers since it gives new insights to the essence of anthropological research. Reference List Anderson, Jon W. 1986. ‘Reinventing the Shape of Meaning: Ambiguities in the Ontology of Ethnography.’ Anthropological Quarterly 59(2): 64-74. Boon, James. A. 1983. ‘Functionalists Write, Too: Frazer/Malinowski and the Semiotics of the Monograph.’ Semiotica 46(2/4):131-149. Boud, David, Peter Cressey and Peter Docherty. 2006. Productive Reflection at Work: Learning for Changing Organizations. New York, NY: Routledge. Clifford, James. 1983. ‘On Ethnographic Authority.’ Respresentations Number 2: 118-146 . Enslin, Elizabeth. 1994. ‘Beyond Writing: Feminist Practice and the Limitations of Ethnography.’ Cultural Anthropology 9(4):537-568. Heider, Karl G. 2001. ‘The Rashomon Effect: When Ethnographers Disagree.’ Pp.398- 407 in Ethnography, vol. III, edited by Alan Bryman. London: Sage. Narayan, Kirin. 1993. ‘How Native is a â€Å"Native† Anthropologist?’ American Anthropologist 95:671-686. Narayan, Kirin. 1999. ‘Ethnography and Fiction: Where is the Border?’ Anthropology and Humanism 24(2):134-147. Neyland, Daniel. 2007. Organizational Ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Orr, J. E. 1996. Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Sanjek, Roger. (Ed.) 1990. â€Å"FIELDNOTES: The Makings of Anthropology† pp.385-418 in ‘On Ethnographic Validity.’ Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Stocking, George W. 1995. The Ethnographer’s Magic and Other Essays in th e History of Anthropology. Madison, WI: Univ of Wisconsin Press. Urry, James. 2001. ‘Notes and Queries on Anthropology and the Development of Field Methods in British Anthropology, 1870-1920.’ pp 101-127 in Ethnography, vol. I edited by Alan Bryman, London: Sage. Wardle, Huon, Gay Y Blasco, Paloma Gay Y. 2007. How to Read Ethnography, ‘Introduction: The concerns and distinctiveness of ethnography’ (pp 1-12). London and New York: Routledge. Yanow, Dvora. 2006. ‘Talking about Practices: On Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines.’ Organization Studies 27(12):1743-1756. This term paper on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines was written and submitted by user N0lan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Successful Writing of a Linguistics Term Paper

Successful Writing of a Linguistics Term Paper Writing a term paper is a difficult task for many students, especially during the first years of studying. Students tend to be frightened by the prospect of writing term papers because this type of work usually accounts for a large part of the semester grade. Thus, if a student wants to avoid the struggle and any doubts, he or she should consider the basic principles and guidelines for the successful performance of the work. To be more precise, checking the specific rules for writing a paper in a particular field should be the first step in the process. To help achieve the highest academic goals, this guide focuses on the practical principles for writing a linguistics term paper with ease and confidence. What Is a Linguistics Term Paper And How Does It DIffer from a Research Paper? A term paper in Linguistics is an original academic work that covers the specific topic with the consideration of relevant theoretical literature and empirical studies. The paper deals with a scientific study of either single or several languages. Linguistics term paper can be theoretical and empirical (practical). Depending on the chosen approach for the study, the structure and the content of a linguistics paper would differ. Furthermore, while some people tend to confuse a term paper and a research paper, there are several differences between them. A term paper contains a critical examination of a topic and the student’s opinion. In this type of work, a student is required to demonstrate a profound understanding of the topic and to present convincing arguments supported by credible scholarly sources. On the contrary, research papers are written to study a theoretical question which has not been researched effectively. A research paper may be more complicated because the writer is supposed to conduct research, provide the collected results, and to connect them to the analyzed academic literature. A term paper may also contain the parts of the research if the student considers the empirical approach of writing. Understanding the goal of a certain type of paper is one of the keys to proper writing. What Students Are Expected to Demonstrate in a Linguistics Term Paper: they have acquired proper knowledge in a particular field; they can choose a topic relevant and significant to the specific field; they learned how to collect, analyze, and use academic sources in a paper; they can make own conclusions based on the studied literature; that they can follow the principles of academic language and style. While writing, it is important to remember that the main goals of the term paper are to review information learned over an academic term and to develop a better understanding of a particular topic. How to Choose a Suitable Topic? The topic of the work can be assigned by the professor, or students can choose it by themselves. The second option is preferable because in that case, people study a subject that is interesting to them. Once the field of the study is identified, it is possible to start looking for a topic worth investigating. In choosing a topic, the most important aspect is to be specific and avoid generalization. For instance, if a writer chooses the branch of Stylistics, the bad example of the topic may sound like â€Å"Characteristics of Science Fiction.† Instead, a more sophisticated topic in that area suitable for the research may look like †Linguistic Aspects of Science Fiction Genre in Modern Literature.† Below are some other examples of good and bad topics to help you. Examples of good topics: The Interplay of American and British Versions of the English Language at Present Time; The Comparison of Linguistic Politeness of the Japanese and English Languages; The Use of Acronyms and Abbreviations in English Informal Communication; Word Formation in Slang Language of the U.S. College Students. These topics are specific and reflect the narrowed area of the chosen field. Examples of bad topics: Origins of the English Language; Why is Linguistics Important? Introduction to Translation; The Comparison of the English and Japanese Languages. These topics are too broad, meaning that it would be difficult to provide a comprehensive analysis of any of them in a paper. Moreover, some other things to consider when choosing a topic is the level of expertise in the particular area and the availability of the sources. If the subject is too difficult, it will be troublesome to finish the paper. Also, before starting to write on a chosen subject, it is necessary to determine whether there is enough information for the study. Students may begin by searching for the keywords and titles of the topic on the Internet search engines and then proceed to library databases. Structure of the Linguistics Term Paper as Explained by Our Writers As it has been discussed, the linguistics term paper can be theoretical and empirical. Most term papers are required to utilize both approaches to the study. Hence, below is provided the structure of an empirical term paper: Title Page (a title of the paper and students name); Table of Contents (a list of sections with page numbers); Introduction (description of the area of research, the question posed in the paper, the reason for the study, and a brief overview of the research); Theoretical Part (reflection on the literature studied for the paper and demonstration of an understanding of the major concepts of the area); Research Methodology (relation of the ways the data was collected and analyzed); Results (presentation of the findings based on the methodology); Discussion (interpretation of the findings and explain their significance); Conclusion (summary of the paper and statement of the answer to the posed question); List of References (a list of literature and other sources used for writing the paper). The introduction and theoretical part should not constitute a large part of the paper. These sections should account for less than half of the paper. The larger part of the text belongs to the remaining sections. The term paper incorporates most sections of the research paper, plus the theoretical part. If a paper must be completely theoretical, such sections of the research paper, as the methodology, results, and discussion can be removed. They can be replaced with a more elaborate investigation of relevant theoretical literature to reflect on the topic. Drafting the Outline The outline is an essential part of the writing process, especially when it comes to larger texts. Drafting an outline will help create a well-structured paper with a logical connection of ideas. While writing an outline, it is necessary to remember that is it based on the structure of the paper. Any outline contains the major elements of the essay, that is the introduction, body, and conclusions. Students should start planning with these three basic elements and then proceed to add more sections to the outline. The Theoretical Background For the theoretical part of the paper, the student is required to analyze and reflect on a great amount of information collected from a variety of sources. While writing this section, the student studies the articles from different specialized linguistic sources, such as the scientific journals, textbooks, and dictionaries. First of all, in the theoretical part, a writer should state the essence of the posed question or studies problem. Then, he or she needs to provide a theoretical framework of all components of the problem and analyze them from different perspectives. Next, discuss the research that has been already done on the problem. One of the important aspects of the theoretical part is presenting and explaining terminology relevant to the question. Finally, in case a term paper has an empirical part, a writer must state a hypothesis which will be supported with the data in the next sections. What to Include in the Methodology Section? An empirical study typically requires the section for methodology. In brief, this section states which method was used to acquire the data and how it was analyzed. Depending on the type of research, the methodology in a Linguistics paper may include the details about the subjects, materials, techniques, corpus, and the procedures of the research. The methods to use largely depend on the essence of the research. For instance, if the study includes human subjects, some useful methods for linguistic research would be a questionnaire, observation, and interview. The elements of the methodology section also depend on the type of data. Thus, in research which presupposes the use of subjects, it is important to characterize the chosen subjects (e.g., age, nationality), state the used materials (e.g., questionnaires), as well as to indicate the procedures (e.g., time, setting) of the specific ways the data was collected. For the research which is based on the study of corpora, students should describe the corpus design and briefly explain the reason for choosing it. Also, they should not forget to mention the problems that were encountered while collecting the data and show the way these hardships were managed. Finally, once these parts of the section are covered, it is necessary to state the process of the analysis and categorization of the collected data. The Main Points of the Results and Discussion Sections In the Results section, students must provide a detailed description of the findings that were discovered during the research. A convenient way to present quantitative data is by including graphs and tables. However, do not just include them without any explanation. Briefly discuss the material presented in the tables and graphs. In the Discussion section, writers usually give a summary of the results and connect the findings to the theoretical background. Finally, comes demonstration how the results help answer the questions and hypothesis stated in the paper. How to Find Sources? A good list of sources is one of the keys to the successful writing of the paper. Most relevant material appropriate for academic work can be found in research published in scholarly journals as well as textbooks, encyclopedias, and dictionaries. For instance, Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, Journal of Sociolinguistics, Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics, a variety of Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics. Probably, the primary source for searching information among most students is the Internet. Search for the keywords of the chosen topic online. It is useful not to search the whole Internet, but to consider specialized websites which collect scientific works and references to them. Below are some of the examples of such websites with either open or limited access to sources and references: journals.sagepub.com scholar.google.com books.google.com openlibrary.org researchgate.net ebsco.com worldcat.org If a paper considers corpus as the base for the research, the sources discussed above should serve as the secondary material. The primary material should be the actual linguistic data in the form of either written text or audio recordings. For example, let’s suppose that a task supposes corpora in the English language. In that case, some of the examples of available corpora which can be used as the primary material are: The British National Corpus; Corpus of Contemporary American English; The International Corpus of English. Many other websites for exploring English corpora can be found here. While the Internet is a good source for finding information, students should not forget to visit the college library to discover scientific literature. In addition, some schools provide access to various closed online libraries and databases, so do not hesitate to check if they contain any useful sources. Citation of Sources Many students struggle with citing the sources properly. An instructor may demand to write a term paper in a certain style, whether APA or MLA. Depending on the style, the citations can vary. All information and instructions on proper citation and referencing can be found on the Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab. Since the APA formatting is usually a preferable style for papers in linguistics, here are some of the examples of proper APA citations: Martin, J. R. (2009). Genre and language learning: A social semiotic perspective. Linguistics and Education, 20(1), 10-21. doi:10.1016/j.linged.2009.01.003. Radford, A., Atkinson, M., Britain, D., Clahsen, H., Spencer, A. (2010). Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Also, do not forget about in-text citations and paraphrasing. Direct citations in APA style, require the page number. For example: â€Å"A central idea of Relevance Theory is that an utterance is relevant to a hearer when the hearer can gain positive cognitive effects from that utterance† (Radford et al., 2009, p. 399). What to Do Next? After finishing writing the paper, there should be no rush to submit it to the teacher. Many students tend to overlook various mistakes which can significantly decrease their grade for the term paper. Proofreading the paper is one the most important steps in the post-writing process. Sometimes, it may be difficult to notice minor mistakes in such a big text, so it is recommended to let somebody else proofread your term paper. Moreover, the presented ideas should be logically connected to make the general sense of the paper. To understand whether a paper is ready, these questions could challenge it: Is paper well-structured and properly divided into paragraphs? Does each paragraph have one main idea? Do all of the discussed ideas support my thesis? Are all ideas taken from the sources cited? Are all of my citations explained? Does paper have any grammatical, stylistic, or lexical mistakes? Does the paper correspond to the required formatting? Once all works in polishing the paper are finished, a writer can be proud of the final work. The stated above information should be kept in mind for writing the next papers.

Mister and Master

Mister and Master Mister and Master Mister and Master By Mark Nichol Yes, mister and master are related, the one originally being a variant of the other. They, and a number of compounds and some associated terms, all derive from the Latin verb magistrare, which means â€Å"subjugate.† Master, which entered the English language from the Old French verb maistrier, came to also mean â€Å"learn all about,† â€Å"become adept at,† or â€Å"overcome.† (It also applies to creating something from which copies will be made.) The Latin noun magister, meaning â€Å"chief† or â€Å"teacher,† led to the use of the word- again, its spelling influenced by the Old French form- to mean â€Å"one in authority.† It now pertains to someone who is or was an exemplar of an artistic or scientific field; a ruler, owner, or employer; a victor or one who has control; a male teacher or an expert artisan or worker; one who has earned a master’s degree; or a commander of a merchant vessel or, formerly, a specialist in navigation aboard a naval sailing ship (see Captain vs. Master). It also refers to devices or mechanisms that control others, or to an original from which copies can be made. Finally, it is a title of respect, though little used today. As an adjective, master means â€Å"excellent† or â€Å"skilled,† or â€Å"dominant† or â€Å"predominant,† or pertains to objects from which others are copied. The adjectives masterful and masterly mean â€Å"indicative of a master,† though some writers prefer to make a distinction between them so that the former is reserved for the sense of â€Å"domineering,† but in prevailing usage they are interchangeable. The adverbial form of the former is masterfully, and masterly also functions as an adverb. The condition of being a master (in the sense of being in control) is mastery. Compound words in which master is the first element (and in which the word’s function is adjectival) include mastermind, meaning â€Å"creative or intellectual organizer† (the word, which at times has a criminal connotation, is also used as a verb in all senses); masterpiece and masterwork, which both describe a crowning creative achievement; and masterstroke, which refers to a clever or otherwise impressive effort or performance. Compounds in which master is the second element (and in which the word functions as a noun) are more common; among them are headmaster (â€Å"head teacher†), postmaster (â€Å"head of a post office†), and taskmaster (â€Å"overbearing boss†). A grandmaster is someone who has achieved the highest level of skill in chess, though in fiction the term also applies to experts in other pursuits, such as martial arts, and as an open compound it pertains to a leadership role in Freemasonry or in a chivalric order. Another compound that has developed additional senses is ringmaster; originally, it referred to the master of ceremonies- abbreviated MC, and emcee is an alternative spelling- who introduces circus performers as they enter the ring. Later, by extension, it acquired the sense of anyone who manages or orchestrates a performance or presentation. Words that retain the middle syllable of the Latin term include magistrate, meaning â€Å"judge,† and the adjectival magisterial, which (like its variant, magistral) pertains to the legal context but also has the neutral sense of â€Å"authoritative† and the pejorative connotation of â€Å"overbearing.† (The similar-sounding majesty is distantly related, from magnus, meaning â€Å"strong.†) Other words derived from magistrare include maestro, from the Italian word for master, referring to music conductors, directors, or composers, and â€Å"maà ®tre d’,† a truncation of maà ®tre d’hà ´tel, meaning â€Å"master of the house† and referring to a restaurant host, as well as mistral, which describes a cold Mediterranean wind. Mister developed as a variation on the use of master as a title, and, like the original, which it superseded in popular use as society became more egalitarian, it has faded from use. (Mister has also been used as a term of direct address when a man’s name is not known to the speaker.) The female equivalent is mistress, which has served as a title of deference, a designation for a governess or teacher, or a euphemism for â€Å"lover†; the dominant sense now is â€Å"female lover of a married man.† (Such social titles and their variations and connotations will be detailed in a later post.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†Writing Styles (with Examples)

Politics of Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politics of Crime - Research Paper Example Of course, there is a general societal consensus that certain things are wrong and should be discouraged or criminalized, but for proponents of the Nanny State, the government should seize control of actions and issues where there is no consensus and unilaterally impose its view of morality on these issues. Why is this happening more and more these days? Many experts believe that in an increasingly complex world people are more willing to turn over power to the government in order to make their own lives easier. There is a sense the world can be and should be completely ordered and that government is the right body to do this. This is an unfortunate state of affairs as it tips the important balance between liberty and order far to the side of order. There are so many examples of this way of thinking that it is hard to know where to begin. One of the most shocking examples from recent years is the following headline: â€Å"Chicago Prohibits Foie Gras.† In 2006, Chicago city council voted to ban the delicious appetizer foie gras from the city’s restaurants. Proponents of the ban said the production of foie gras was inhumane. Opponents had a different view. "Government shouldnt be dictating what we eat," said the chef at one French restaurant. The Mayor too was unhappy. "We have children getting killed by gang leaders and dope dealers," he said. "We have real issues here in this city. And were dealing with foie gras? Lets get some priorities."1 These opponents are right. In an era where people expect to be coddled and protected from everything that could possibly harm, they are allowing things as personal as menu choice to be dictated by the government. If an individual does not like to eat foie gras no one will forc e them to eat it; but the Chicago city council went a step further by eliminating this choice completely and limiting the rights of those who do like foie gras. The Nanny State continues to expand, rolling